9,616 research outputs found
Tunneling through magnetic molecules with arbitrary angle between easy axis and magnetic field
Inelastic tunneling through magnetically anisotropic molecules is studied
theoretically in the presence of a strong magnetic field. Since the molecular
orientation is not well controlled in tunneling experiments, we consider
arbitrary angles between easy axis and field. This destroys all conservation
laws except that of charge, leading to a rich fine structure in the
differential conductance. Besides single molecules we also study monolayers of
molecules with either aligned or random easy axes. We show that detailed
information on the molecular transitions and orientations can be obtained from
the differential conductance for varying magnetic field. For random easy axes,
averaging over orientations leads to van Hove singularities in the differential
conductance. Rate equations in the sequential-tunneling approximation are
employed. An efficient approximation for their solution for complex molecules
is presented. The results are applied to Mn12-based magnetic molecules.Comment: 10 pages, 10 figures include
What drives the dust activity of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko?
We use the gravitational instability formation scenario of cometesimals to
derive the aggregate size that can be released by the gas pressure from the
nucleus of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko for different heliocentric distances
and different volatile ices. To derive the ejected aggregate sizes, we
developed a model based on the assumption that the entire heat absorbed by the
surface is consumed by the sublimation process of one volatile species. The
calculations were performed for the three most prominent volatile materials in
comets, namely, H_20 ice, CO_2 ice, and CO ice. We find that the size range of
the dust aggregates able to escape from the nucleus into space widens when the
comet approaches the Sun and narrows with increasing heliocentric distance,
because the tensile strength of the aggregates decreases with increasing
aggregate size. The activity of CO ice in comparison to H_20 ice is capable to
detach aggregates smaller by approximately one order of magnitude from the
surface. As a result of the higher sublimation rate of CO ice, larger
aggregates are additionally able to escape from the gravity field of the
nucleus. Our model can explain the large grains (ranging from 2 cm to 1 m in
radius) in the inner coma of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko that have been
observed by the OSIRIS camera at heliocentric distances between 3.4 AU and 3.7
AU. Furthermore, the model predicts the release of decimeter-sized aggregates
(trail particles) close to the heliocentric distance at which the gas-driven
dust activity vanishes. However, the gas-driven dust activity cannot explain
the presence of particles smaller than ~1 mm in the coma because the high
tensile strength required to detach these particles from the surface cannot be
provided by evaporation of volatile ices. These smaller particles can be
produced for instance by spin-up and centrifugal mass loss of ejected larger
aggregates
One loop renormalization for the axial Ward-Takahashi identity in Domain-wall QCD
We calculate one-loop correction to the axial Ward-Takahashi identity given
by Furman and Shamir in domain-wall QCD. It is shown perturbatively that the
renormalized axial Ward-Takahashi identity is satisfied without fine tuning and
the ``conserved'' axial current receives no renormalization, giving .
This fact will simplify the calculation of the pion decay constant in numerical
simulations since the decay constant defined by this current needs no lattice
renormalization factor.Comment: 16 pages, 3 axodraw.sty figure
Bio-inspired swing leg control for spring-mass robots running on ground with unexpected height disturbance
We proposed three swing leg control policies for spring-mass running robots, inspired by experimental data from our recent collaborative work on ground running birds. Previous investigations suggest that animals may prioritize injury avoidance and/or efficiency as their objective function during running rather than maintaining limit-cycle stability. Therefore, in this study we targeted structural capacity (maximum leg force to avoid damage) and efficiency as the main goals for our control policies, since these objective functions are crucial to reduce motor size and structure weight. Each proposed policy controls the leg angle as a function of time during flight phase such that its objective function during the subsequent stance phase is regulated. The three objective functions that are regulated in the control policies are (i) the leg peak force, (ii) the axial impulse, and (iii) the leg actuator work. It should be noted that each control policy regulates one single objective function. Surprisingly, all three swing leg control policies result in nearly identical subsequent stance phase dynamics. This implies that the implementation of any of the proposed control policies would satisfy both goals (damage avoidance and efficiency) at once. Furthermore, all three control policies require a surprisingly simple leg angle adjustment: leg retraction with constant angular acceleration
Lattice QCD with Domain-Wall Fermions
We study the quenched lattice QCD using domain-wall fermions at .
Behaviors of both pion mass and the explicit breaking term in the axial
Ward-Takahashi identity support the existence of the chiral zero modes. We
observe a good agreement between the pion decay constants from both the
conserved axial current and the local current perturbatively renormalized at
1-loop. Finally the possible existence of the parity broken phase is also
examined in this model.Comment: LATTICE99 (Chiral Fermions), 3 page
Quenched QCD with domain-wall fermions on coarse lattices
We investigate the existence of chiral zero modes at a^{-1} \simeq 1 GeV in
quenched domain-wall QCD. Simulations are carried out for the plaquette and an
RG-improved gauge actions on a 12^3x24xN_s lattice with N_s=10-50. We find that
the pion mass in the chiral limit remains non-vanishing as N_s\to\infty for
both gauge actions. Possible origins of this non-vanishing pion mass are
discussed.Comment: LATTICE99(chiral fermions), 3 pages, 6 ps figures, LaTex, espcrc2.st
Quenched QCD with domain wall fermions
We report on simulations of quenched QCD using domain wall fermions, where we
focus on basic questions about the formalism and its ability to produce
expected low energy hadronic physics for light quarks. The work reported here
is on quenched lattices at and 5.85, using values
for the length of the fifth dimension between 10 and 48. We report results for
parameter choices which lead to the desired number of flavors, a study of
undamped modes in the extra dimension and hadron masses.Comment: Contribution to Lattice '98. Presented by R. Mawhinney. 3 pages, 3
figure
Scaling in Complex Systems: Analytical Theory of Charged Pores
In this paper we find an analytical solution of the equilibrium ion
distribution for a toroidal model of a ionic channel, using the Perfect
Screening Theorem (PST). The ions are charged hard spheres, and are treated
using a variational Mean Spherical Approximation (VMSA) .
Understanding ion channels is still a very open problem, because of the many
exquisite tuning details of real life channels. It is clear that the electric
field plays a major role in the channel behaviour, and for that reason there
has been a lot of work on simple models that are able to provide workable
theories. Recently a number of interesting papers have appeared that discuss
models in which the effect of the geometry, excluded volume and non-linear
behaviour is considered.
We present here a 3D model of ionic channels which consists of a charged,
deformable torus with a circular or elliptical cross section, which can be flat
or vertical (close to a cylinder). Extensive comparisons to MC simulations were
performed.
The new solution opens new possibilities, such as studying flexible pores,
and water phase transformations inside the pores using an approach similar to
that used on flat crystal surfaces
When Can Limited Randomness Be Used in Repeated Games?
The central result of classical game theory states that every finite normal
form game has a Nash equilibrium, provided that players are allowed to use
randomized (mixed) strategies. However, in practice, humans are known to be bad
at generating random-like sequences, and true random bits may be unavailable.
Even if the players have access to enough random bits for a single instance of
the game their randomness might be insufficient if the game is played many
times.
In this work, we ask whether randomness is necessary for equilibria to exist
in finitely repeated games. We show that for a large class of games containing
arbitrary two-player zero-sum games, approximate Nash equilibria of the
-stage repeated version of the game exist if and only if both players have
random bits. In contrast, we show that there exists a class of
games for which no equilibrium exists in pure strategies, yet the -stage
repeated version of the game has an exact Nash equilibrium in which each player
uses only a constant number of random bits.
When the players are assumed to be computationally bounded, if cryptographic
pseudorandom generators (or, equivalently, one-way functions) exist, then the
players can base their strategies on "random-like" sequences derived from only
a small number of truly random bits. We show that, in contrast, in repeated
two-player zero-sum games, if pseudorandom generators \emph{do not} exist, then
random bits remain necessary for equilibria to exist
Ultrasound mapping of lymph node and subcutaneous metastases in patients with cutaneous melanoma: Results of a prospective multicenter study
Background: Ultrasound (sonography, B-mode sonography, ultrasonography) examination improves the sensitivity in more than 25% compared to the clinical palpation, especially after surgery on the regional lymph node area. Objective: To evaluate the distribution of metastases during follow-up in the draining lymph node areas from the scar of primary to regional lymph nodes ( head and neck, supraclavicular, axilla, infraclavicular, groin) in patients with cutaneous melanoma with or without sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) or former elective or consecutive complete lymph node dissection in case of positive sentinel lymph node (CLND). Methods: Prospective multicenter study of the Departments of Dermatology of the Universities of Homburg/Saar, Tubingen and Munich (Germany) in which the distribution of lymph node and subcutaneous metastases were mapped from the scar of primary to the lymphatic drainage region in 53 melanoma patients ( 23 women, 30 men; median age: 64 years; median tumor thickness: 1.99 mm) with known primary, visible lymph nodes or subcutaneous metastases proven by ultrasound and histopathology during the follow-up. Results: Especially in the axilla, infraclavicular region and groin the metastases were not limited to the anatomic lymph node regions. In 5 patients (9.4%) ( 4 of them were in stage IV) lymph node metastases were not located in the corresponding lymph node area. 32 patients without former SLNB had a time range between melanoma excision and lymph node metastases of 31 months ( median), 21 patients with SLNB had 18 months ( p < 0.005). In 11 patients with positive SLNB the time range was 17 months, in 10 patients with negative SLNB 21 months ( p < 0.005); in 32 patients with CLND the time range was 31 m< 0.005). In thinner melanomas lymph node metastases occurred later ( p < 0.05). Conclusions: After surgery of cutaneous melanoma, SLNB and CLND the lymphatic drainage can show significant changes which should be considered in clinical and ultrasound follow-up examinations. Especially for high-risk melanoma patients follow-up examinations should be performed at intervals of 3 months in the first years. Patients at stage IV should be examined in all regional lymph node areas clinically and by ultrasound. Copyright (c) 2006 S. Karger AG, Basel
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